Manufactured by IKA
Sourced in Germany
The IKA A11 is a compact and durable analytical mill designed for the grinding and homogenization of small sample quantities. It features a robust stainless steel grinding set and operates at a fixed speed of 20,000 rpm. The A11 is suitable for use with a variety of materials, including soft, medium-hard, and brittle samples.
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Lab products found in correlation
17 protocols using IKA A11
1
Preparation of Mustard Seed Flours
Seven different varieties of mustard were used in this study—two varieties of Sinapis alba (AC Pennant and Andante) and five varieties of Brassica juncea (Duchess, Centennial Brown, AC Vulcan, Cutlass, and Dahinda). All mustard seed samples were generously offered by Dr. Janitha Wanasundara of the Saskatoon Research and Development Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Saskatoon, SK, Canada). The seeds were frozen in liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder using an analytical mill (IKA A11, IKA, Staufen, Germany), and defatted with hexane (1:5 w/v) under constant magnetic stirring. The slurry was filtered using a Whatman No. 4 filter paper, and extractions were repeated three times. Defatted samples were dried overnight (~10–12 h) in a fume hood in order to remove all traces of residual solvent. Defatted flours were then homogenized for 30 s in a coffee grinder (Custom Grind Deluxe, Hamilton Beach, Washington, WA, USA) and stored in screw-capped plastic tubes at −80 °C until further use. Protein content in the defatted flour samples was determined by Dumas combustion (Leco FP-428, Leco Corporation, St Joseph, MI, USA). Percent of protein was calculated from protein nitrogen using a conversion factor of 6.25.
L’Hocine L., Pitre M, & Achouri A. (2019). Detection and Identification of Allergens from Canadian Mustard Varieties of Sinapis alba and Brassica juncea. Biomolecules, 9(9), 489.
2
Total Fungal Contamination andFusariumspp. Contamination
One maize sample from each plot, storage time and storage temperature was analyzed for total fungal contamination and Fusarium spp. contamination. Approximately 20 g of kernels was ground using a disinfected IKA A11 (IKA®-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) mill for 30 s. Ten grams of the resulting flour was weighed in a sterile Stomacher bag with a lateral filter. Then, 90 mL of sterile saline peptone water was added to the bag (10−1 dilution). The flour and the saline peptone water were mixed in a laboratory blender (Stomacher 400, Seward Ltd., Worthing, UK) for 120 s at normal speed. A series of dilutions were prepared based on the filtered extract using saline peptone water (up to the 10−6 dilution). Then, 0.1 mL of each dilution was plated into Petri plates containing Chloramphenicol Glucose Agar (CGA) (for total fungal contamination) or Malachite Green Agar 2.5 (MGA) (a selective medium for Fusarium spp.).
The inoculum was spread across the Petri plates with a Digralsky spreader, and the plates were incubated upside down at 25 °C. Plate readings were performed after 3 days of incubation for CGA plates and 4 days of incubation for MGA plates.
Borràs-Vallverdú B., Ramos A.J., Cantero-Martínez C., Marín S., Sanchis V, & Fernández-Ortega J. (2022). Influence of Agronomic Factors on Mycotoxin Contamination in Maize and Changes during a 10-Day Harvest-Till-Drying Simulation Period: A Different Perspective. Toxins, 14(9), 620.
3
Microalgae Samples, Culture Conditions, and Sample Pretreatment
Tetraselmis suecica CCAP66/4 (Chlorodendrophyceae), Chlorella sorokiniana SAG 211-8k (Chlorellaceae), and Nannochloropsis limnetica SAG 18.99 (Eustigmatophyceae) were obtained from the microalgae culture collection SAG (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany) or CCAP, Scotland, UK, and stocked at Fraunhofer IGB (Stuttgart, Germany). All samples were cultured in 6 L commercial flat panel airlift photobioreactors (FPA reactors) using seawater medium for T. suecica, DSN media for C. sorokiniana, and OHM-media for N. limnetica, as described previously [33 (link),34 (link)]. The cells were grown to exponential phase, and then the biomass was harvested by centrifugation and freeze-dried (Christ Alpha 1–2 LD freeze drier, Osterode am Harz, Germany), vacuum-sealed, and stored at −20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Samples were ground using an analytical laboratory mill (IKA A11, IKA-Werke GmbH & CO. Staufen, Germany) and stored at −80 °C, protected from light and moisture until analysis. Six independent samples from each microalga were used for analyses.
Montoya-Arroyo A., Lehnert K., Muñoz-González A., Schmid-Staiger U., Vetter W, & Frank J. (2022). Tocochromanol Profiles in Chlorella sorokiniana, Nannochloropsis limnetica and Tetraselmis suecica Confirm the Presence of 11′-α-Tocomonoenol in Cultured Microalgae Independently of Species and Origin. Foods, 11(3), 396.
4
Freeze Drying and Grinding
Freeze drying of all the woody samples was carried out for 48 h with a FreeZone 4.5L −50 °C Benchtop Freeze Dryer (Labconco Corporation, 8811 Prospect Avenue, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA) immediately after sample collection from the field. Then, the freeze-dried samples were stored at −80 °C until they were ground using an IKA® A 11 basic Analytical mill (IKA Works, Inc., 2635, Northchase Parkway SE, Wilmington, NC, USA) with liquid nitrogen.
Shinde R., Ayyanath M.M., Shukla M., El Kayal W., Saxena P, & Subramanian J. (2023). Hormonal Interplay Leading to Black Knot Disease Establishment and Progression in Plums. Plants, 12(20), 3638.
5
Sample Collection and Preparation
A total of 146 white rice samples (84 brands) were purchased from markets in Guiyang from July 22 to August 22 in 2017. The samples covered both Chinese domestic (n = 137) and imported rice (n = 9, from Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand). According to the package information, rice samples were briefly categorized into two main subspecies—Japonica and Indica. All of the rice samples collected from the markets were transported to the laboratory, rinsed with ultrapure water, freeze-dried, ground with a grinder (IKA-A11, IKA, Staufen, Germany), and stored in plastic bags for analysis.
Han J., Chen Z., Pang J., Liang L., Fan X, & Li Q. (2019). Health Risk Assessment of Inorganic Mercury and Methylmercury via Rice Consumption in the Urban City of Guiyang, Southwest China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 216.
6
Extraction
Sida cordifolia L radix was collected in Karnataka, India (2012), and was donated by Pukka Herbs, Bristol. A voucher specimen was deposited in the DBN Economic Collections, Glasnevin Herbarium Dublin (DBN 06:201261). Plant roots were washed with isopropanol and water and lyophilised roots were homogenised to a fine powder using an IKA® A11 analytical mill (IKA® Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany). Powdered roots were macerated successively in n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and double-distilled water (ddH2O) at room temperature (24 h). N-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts were concentrated by rotary evaporation (45 °C). Aqueous extract was centrifuged at 4000 g for 15 min and then lyophilised and the subsequent extract underwent ethanol (abs.) precipitation (1:4 v/v) overnight. The resulting precipitate was centrifuged (1000 g; 10 min) and the supernatant discarded, and the pellet was lyophilised.
Iqbal H., Wright C.L., Jones S., da Silva G.R., McKillen J., Gilmore B.F., Kavanagh O, & Green B.D. (2022). Extracts of Sida cordifolia contain polysaccharides possessing immunomodulatory activity and rosmarinic acid compounds with antibacterial activity. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22, 27.
7
Extraction of polyphenolic compounds and ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS, MRM analyses)
Fresh, green leaf tissues from each dill genotype were collected in the vegetative stage and freeze-dried at −24 °C (Freeze-dryer Alpha 1–2 LD plus; Christ, Osterode, Germany). Samples were ground to a fine powder using a laboratory grinder mill, IKA A11 (IKA-Werke, Staufen, Germany). The extraction of polyphenolic compounds and LC-MS/MS analysis was accomplished as previously reported Boutsika et al. (2021) (link). Three independent replicates were employed for each dill genotype.
Targeted UPLC analysis was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC system (Milford, MA, USA) and separation of the phenolic compounds was carried out using a Waters Acquity HSS T3 column (1.8 μm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm), at 40 °C. Phenolic compounds were analyzed as described by Vrhovsek et al. (2012) (link) using water and acetonitrile as mobile phases for the gradient. A Waters Xevo TQMS system equipped with an electrospray (ESI) source was used for mass spectrometry detection. Data was processed using the Mass Lynx Target Lynx Application Manager (Waters).
Kadoglidou K., Cook C., Boutsika A., Sarrou E., Mellidou I., Aidonidou C., Grigoriadis I., Angeli A., Martens S., Georgiadou V., Moysiadis T., Ralli P., Mylonas I., Tourvas N., Michailidis M., Kalivas A., Maloupa E., Ganopoulos I, & Xanthopoulou A. (2023). Evaluation of a dill (Anethum graveolens L.) gene bank germplasm collection using multivariate analysis of morphological traits, molecular genotyping and chemical composition to identify novel genotypes for plant breeding. PeerJ, 11, e15043.
8
Sample Preparation
NS was obtained from raw almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) of the Sicilian cultivar “Fascionello” [30 (link)]. A manual stripping process, involving repeated cycles of freezing in liquid nitrogen and thawing at RT [12 (link)], was performed. The obtained NS was milled using a stainless steel blade analytical mill (IKA® A11, IKA®-Werke GmbH and Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) with liquid nitrogen. Powdered NS (10 g) was defatted three times with n-hexane (20 mL) for 6 h under constant agitation in order to remove the lipid fraction and to obtain a more selective polyphenol extract. After filtration on Whatman filter paper no.1, the residue was mixed with methanol/0.1% HCl (v/v, 100 mL) and extracted using sonication for 15 min (Ultrasonic Cleaner USC300TH, VWR International, Radnor, PA, USA). The sample was centrifuged (5000× g, 10 min, 4 °C), and the extraction procedure was repeated two more times. The methanol fractions were combined and concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator (Büchi R-205, Büchi, Cornaredo, Italy); the residue was dissolved in MilliQ water (20 mL) and extracted four times with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried on anhydrous sodium sulphate for 20 min and then concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator. The extraction yield was 1.86%.
Arangia A., Ragno A., Cordaro M., D’Amico R., Siracusa R., Fusco R., Marino Merlo F., Smeriglio A., Impellizzeri D., Cuzzocrea S., Mandalari G, & Di Paola R. (2023). Antioxidant Activity of a Sicilian Almond Skin Extract Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(15), 12115.
9
Sample Extraction
Fully developed basal leaves of SsM and SsE were powdered by a blade mill (IKA® A11, IKA®-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) with liquid nitrogen to block the enzymatic activities and preserve the native phytochemical features. A food-grade extraction process was applied by adding 100 mL of an ethanol/water mixture (80:20, v/v) to ten grams of both powdered samples. They were first sonicated in an ice bath for 10 min using a titanium probe sonicator set to 200 W and a 30% amplitude (Vibra Cell™ Sonics Materials, inc., Danbury, CT, USA), and then macerated under continuous stirring in the dark at RT for 2 h. Supernatants were recovered by filtration on Whatman paper filter n. 1. The extraction process was repeated twice. Collected supernatants were finally dry-evaporated by a rotary evaporator (Büchi R-205, Cornaredo, Italy) in the dark at 37 °C, and stored overnight in a vacuum glass desiccator with anhydrous sodium sulphate. The extraction yields were 17.15% and 18.60% for SsM and SsE, respectively. Dry extracts were then suspended and properly diluted in the same hydroalcoholic mixture reported above for phytochemical and biological analyses.
Cornara L., Malaspina P., Betuzzi F., Di Gristina E., D’Arrigo M., Ingegneri M., Trombetta D, & Smeriglio A. (2023). The Influence of Pedo-Climatic Conditions on the Micromorphological, Phytochemical Features, and Biological Properties of Leaves of Saponaria sicula Raf. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(14), 11693.
10
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Drupes
Phenolic standards were purchased from Sigma Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA, while hydroxytyrosol was obtained from Indofine (Hillsborough, NJ, USA), secologanoside from ChemFaces Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China), and oleuropein from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Stock solutions of olive oil phenolics were prepared at 1 mg mL−1 in methanol and stored at −20 °C for 1 month. For each standard calibration, curves were built in the range 0.02–5 mg mL−1. Methanol, hexane, and formic acid (LC-MS grade) were obtained from Carlo Erba reagents (Milan, Italy), whereas acetic acid (98–100%) was supplied from Fluka (Milan, Italy).
Lyophilized drupes were ground in a mill IKA A11 (IKAWerke, Staufen, Germany) and then extracted using the procedure reported in the literature [61 (link)] with minor modifications. In particular, 0.2 g of dried sample were extracted with 3 mL of a mixture of methanol/water (80:20 v/v, 0.1% formic acid) by sonication at room temperature for 15 min. After the mixture was centrifuged to 4000 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min, the supernatants were collected and filtered through 0.45 mm nylon syringe membranes. The final extract was washed with 4 mL of n-hexane and dried under nitrogen flow. The dried phenolic extracts were solubilized in 1 mL of methanol before high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis and antioxidant activity tests.
Cirillo A., Graziani G., De Luca L., Cepparulo M., Ritieni A., Romano R, & Di Vaio C. (2023). Minor Variety of Campania Olive Germplasm (“Racioppella”): Effects of Kaolin on Production and Bioactive Components of Drupes and Oil. Plants, 12(6), 1259.
11
RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis
Mango fruitlet AZs were ground in liquid nitrogen using an IKA-A11 analytical grinding mill (IKA-Werke, Staufen, Germany). Total RNA was extracted from 2 g of ground frozen plant material using the hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method [35 (link)]. RNA sample quantities and quality were analyzed using a Bioanalyser 2200 apparatus (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Following confirmation of RNA integrity, 5 µg of total RNA, pre-treated with 1 unit of RQ1 DNase, served as a template in the synthesis of the first-strand cDNA, using an anchored oligo-dT primer and SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The reaction products were then used for further analyses.
Rai A.C., Halon E., Zemach H., Zviran T., Sisai I., Philosoph-Hadas S., Meir S., Cohen Y, & Irihimovitch V. (2021). Characterization of Two Ethephon-Induced IDA-Like Genes from Mango, and Elucidation of Their Involvement in Regulating Organ Abscission. Genes, 12(3), 439.
12
Sample pre‐treatment
Biomass was harvested from the culture medium by centrifugation. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet freeze‐dried (Christ Alpha 1‐2 LD freeze drier, Osterode am Harz, Germany) (Gille etal.,2019 (link)). Freeze‐dried samples were stored in polyethylene bags, vacuum‐sealed, and protected from light at −20°C. Prior to analyses, samples were ground using an analytical laboratory mill (IKA A11; IKA‐Werke GmbH & Co, Staufen, Germany) and stored at −80°C, protected from light and moisture.
Montoya‐Arroyo A., Muñoz‐González A., Lehnert K., Frick K., Schmid‐Staiger U., Vetter W, & Frank J. (2023). Monodopsis subterranea is a source of α‐tocomonoenol, and its concentration, in contrast to α‐tocopherol, is not affected by nitrogen depletion. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(3), 1869-1879.
13
Plant Material and Extraction Procedure
The C. majus plants were obtained from the Botanical Garden of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland (51°16′ N, 22°30′ E). The plants were collected in the full flowering phase in May 2020. The plants were divided into the roots and shoots. The plant material was frozen at −80 °C and freeze-dried (0.001 mbar for 72 h) before extraction using a Christ Alpha 2-4 LDplus laboratory freeze dryer (Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany). The dry material was powdered using a laboratory grinder IKA A11 (IKA-Werke, Staufen, Germany) and sieved (1.6 mm sieve). The powder (0.05 g) was extracted three times with a fresh portion of VNADESs or control extractants—Acidified and nonacidified methanol and water (2 mL, 2 mL, and 1 mL) in an ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 35 kHz, (Sonorex RK 512 H, Bandelin, Berlin, Germany) for 15 min at ambient temperature. The extracts were centrifuged using a Sigma 1-16K laboratory microcentrifuge (Sigma Laborzentrifugen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany) at 20,000 g for 10 min, combined, and filled up to 5 mL in a volumetric flask. The plant samples were deposited at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin (voucher specimen no. 05.2020).
Strzemski M., Dresler S., Podkościelna B., Skic K., Sowa I., Załuski D., Verpoorte R., Zielińska S., Krawczyk P, & Wójciak M. (2022). Effectiveness of Volatile Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (VNADESs) for the Green Extraction of Chelidonium majus Isoquinoline Alkaloids. Molecules, 27(9), 2815.
14
Preparation of Lichen Extracts
Extracts were prepared using the multiple maceration technique. The lichen material was dried at room temperature (22–25 °C) for 7 days with a daily change of the absorbent material below the lichen material. The dried lichen sample was ground to a fine powder using a mill (IKA A11, IKA®-Werke GmbH & Co., Staufen, Germany). After grinding, the powder was sieved through a sieve of 0.30 (according to Pharmacopoeia Jugoslavica IV [65 ]) which correlated to a particle size of 300 µm in order to obtain a uniform particle size of the whole sample and improve the extraction process. Solvents (i.e., acetone, methanol, and n-hexane, (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)) were prepared for extraction by redistilling and filtering through a membrane filter (MF-Millipore® Membrane Filter, 0.22 μm pore size) for purification. Ground lichen (20 g) and 200 mL of each of the solvents were placed in three prepared glass bottles with a stopper. The bottles prepared in this way were left for 3 days in a dark place at room temperature with occasional shaking. The solvent was changed three times, and all fractions of the same solvent liquid extract were collected and filtered. The solvent was then evaporated using a rotary vacuum evaporator (IKA RV10, IKA®-Werke GmbH & Co., Staufen, Germany). Dry extracts were stored in a freezer (−18 °C) until analysis.
Kocovic A., Jeremic J., Bradic J., Sovrlic M., Tomovic J., Vasiljevic P., Andjic M., Draginic N., Grujovic M., Mladenovic K., Baskic D., Popovic S., Matic S., Zivkovic V., Jeremic N., Jakovljevic V, & Manojlovic N. (2022). Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activity of Different Extracts of Xanthoparmelia stenophylla Lichen from Stara Planina, Serbia. Plants, 11(13), 1624.
15
Polyphenols Extraction
Peel and pulp were obtained from ten randomly selected apples for each cultivar. Each fruit was divided into four parts and carefully peeled with a stainless steel vegetable peeler to obtain the peel without flesh. The remaining flesh was cut into small pieces discarding the core and the seed. The whole fruit was obtained from five randomly selected apples for each cultivar. Each apple was divided into four parts, the core and seeds were eliminated and finally the resulting sample was cut into small pieces. Peel, flesh, and whole fruit, then, were frozen and subsequently freeze-dried. Polyphenols were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction on lyophilized samples according to a previous reported method [19 (link)]. Before extraction, lyophilized samples were ground in a mill IKA A11 (IKAWerke, Staufen, Germany) and 0.5 g of each sample was used for polyphenols extraction. The extracts obtained were then filtered through 0.22 µm nylon filters (Phenomenex, Castel Maggiore, Italy), prior to injection into the UHPLC-Orbitrap MS. The same extracts were used for antioxidant capacity and total polyphenolic content determinations.
Graziani G., Gaspari A., Di Vaio C., Cirillo A., Ronca C.L., Grosso M, & Ritieni A. (2021). Assessment of In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols from Annurca, Limoncella, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious Apples Using a Sequential Enzymatic Digestion Model. Antioxidants, 10(4), 541.
16
Preparation of the Melissa Officinalis Extract
The plant material used in this research, dried leaves of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), was purchased from Bilje Borca, LLC, Belgrade, Serbia. The dried plant material was pulverized using a mill (IKA A11, IKA® Werke GmbH& Co., Staufen im Breisgau, Germany), stored in well-sealed paper bags, and kept at room temperature until the extract was made. Ethanolic extract was made under the reflux of the solvent (70% ethanol) at the boiling point of the solvent (78.5 °C). The extraction process lasted 2.5 h. Afterward, the obtained mixture was filtered through gauze and left at room temperature to spontaneously precipitate ballast substances. Then, the obtained liquid extract was filtered (Whatman, No.1, Cytiva, Buckinghamshire, UK). Finally, a rotary vacuum evaporator (RV05 basic IKA, IKA® Werke GmbH& Co., Staufen im Breisgau, Germany) at 40 °C, 90 rpm, and 250 mbar vacuum was used to obtain the dry extract. The dry extract was stored in dark glass vials at + 4 ºC until administration to animals. The extract was dissolved in tap water once daily prior to administration to animals per os [33 ].
Draginic N., Milosavljevic I., Andjic M., Jeremic J., Nikolic M., Sretenovic J., Kocovic A., Srejovic I., Zivkovic V., Bolevich S., Bolevich S., Curcic S, & Jakovljevic V. (2022). Short-Term Administration of Lemon Balm Extract Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Focus on Oxidative Stress. Pharmaceuticals, 15(7), 840.
17
Preparation of Samples
The research material was prepared in accordance with the EN ISO 14780:2017 standard. The miscanthus and copra meal were ground in an analytical mill (IKA A11, IKA-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) to fractions with a particle size ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. The materials were blended in various weight proportions:
Szyszlak-Bargłowicz J., Słowik T., Zając G., Blicharz‐Kania A., Zdybel B., Andrejko D., & Obidziński S. (2021). Energy Parameters of Miscanthus Biomass Pellets Supplemented with Copra Meal in Terms of Energy Consumption during the Pressure Agglomeration Process. Energies, 14(14), 4167-4167.
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